Housing
Stable and secure housing is fundamentally important to health and wellbeing. Housing circumstances – such as tenure, affordability, the amount of living space and location – are key determinants of physical and mental health (Foster et al. 2011; Marsh et al. 2000). However, causal relationships between poor housing and poor health are complex, and directionality is not always clear. For example, poor housing circumstances can contribute to poor health, and poor health can result in households living in worse housing circumstances (Brackertz & Wilkinson 2017).
The importance of secure, appropriate and affordable housing is reflected in Target 9A of the National Agreement: By 2031, increase the proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in appropriately sized (not overcrowded) housing to 88 per cent – see Target 9A in the Closing the Gap Information Repository.
According to the ABS Census of Population and Housing, in 2021, about 569,400 (81%) First Nations people lived in appropriately sized housing. This proportion ranged from 43% to 91% across states and territories (Figure 5.6). The proportion of First Nations people living in appropriately sized housing was lower than for non-Indigenous Australians (81% compared with 94%, respectively).
First Nations people in remote areas had higher rates of household overcrowding than those in non-remote areas. In 2021, the proportion of First Nations people living in appropriately sized housing ranged from 88% in Major cities to 45% in Very remote areas (Figure 5.6).
Figure 5.6: Proportion of First Nations people living in appropriately sized housing (not overcrowded), by remoteness, and by jurisdiction, 2021
Source: Measure 2.01, Table D2.01.10 and Table D2.01.9 – AIHW analysis of ABS Census of Population and Housing 2021 (AIHW 2022c).
Housing assistance
The Australian and state and territory governments provide a range of assistance to people having difficulty with finding or sustaining affordable and appropriate housing in the private housing market. Housing assistance refers to both access to social housing (such as public housing) as well as targeted financial assistance for eligible Australians.
At 30 June 2022, there were around 79,166 First Nations households living in one of the four main types of social housing:
- 38,251 in public housing
- 13,424 in State Owned and Managed Indigenous Housing (SOMIH)
- 11,210 in community housing
- 16,281 in Indigenous community housing (AIHW 2023c).
Commonwealth Rent Assistance (CRA) may be available for eligible tenants who rent in private rental market or community housing to help reduce rental stress (defined as spending more than 30% of gross income on rent). At 30 June 2022, 89,485 CRA recipients reported having a First Nations member of the household (6.6% of all recipients).
Housing tenure
Housing tenure – whether a person owns or is buying a home, is renting privately, or is living in social housing – can affect health. Home ownership can provide security, stability and autonomy, but housing costs can leave less money available for other necessities (Hulse et al. 2010).
Although First Nations households are less likely than non-Indigenous households to own or be buying their own home, the gap has narrowed.
In 2021, over 4 in 10 (42%) First Nations households were homeowners (owned outright and owned with a mortgage), compared with 37% in 2011 and 40% in 2016. In 2021, the proportion of households that were homeowners (owned outright and owned with a mortgage) was lower for First Nations households than for other households (42% compared with 68%) (Table 5.3).
Table 5.3: Housing tenure trends for households, 2011–2021 (per cent)
|
Housing tenure and landlord type |
First Nations households(a) 2011 |
First Nations households(a) 2016 |
First Nations households(a) 2021 |
Other households 2011 |
Other households 2016 |
Other households 2021 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Home owners (owned outright and owned with a mortgage) |
37.4 |
39.6 |
42.3 |
69.6 |
68 |
67.9 |
|
Renters: real estate agent |
21.6 |
25.4 |
27.6 |
16.3 |
18.9 |
20.2 |
|
Renters: State or territory housing authority |
22.3 |
19.3 |
14.4 |
3.6 |
3.2 |
2.6 |
|
Renters: Person not in same household(b) |
8.3 |
8.0 |
7.4 |
6.4 |
5.9 |
5.3 |
|
Renters: Community housing provider |
4.8 |
3.0 |
4.0 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
|
Renters: Other landlord type(c) |
2.8 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
1.2 |
|
Total |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
(a) A First Nations household is a household that has at least 1 First Nations person who is a usual resident.
(b) Comprises dwellings being rented from a parent/other relative or other person.
(c) Includes rented dwellings with a landlord such as an owner/manager of a residential park (including caravan parks and manufactured home estates) or employer.
Note: Table excludes other tenure types and tenure type not stated.
Source: Measure 2.01, Table D2.01.20. AIHW analysis of ABS Census of Population and Housing 2021 (AIHW 2022c).
Homelessness
People are considered homeless if their current dwelling is inadequate; or if they have no tenure or their tenure is short and not able to be extended; or if their current living arrangement does not give them control of, or access to, space for social relations (ABS 2018).
In 2021, 24,900 First Nations people were homeless on Census night (3.1% of First Nations people) (ABS 2023d). Among First Nations people experiencing homelessness:
- 60% (or 15,000) of homeless First Nations people were living in severely crowded dwellings (needing 4 or more extra bedrooms under CNOS)
- 19% (4,800) were living in supported accommodation for the homeless
- 9% (2,300) were living in improvised dwellings, tents or sleeping rough, and
- the remaining 12% (2,900) were staying temporarily with other households, living in boarding houses, or living in other temporary lodgings.
Between 2011 and 2021, the rate of homelessness among the First Nations population declined from 487 to 307 per 10,000 population.
The rate of homelessness among First Nations people was 8.8 times the rate for non-Indigenous Australians (306.8 compared with 34.9 per 10,000 population). This was a decrease from 14.2 times as high in 2011 (487.3 compared with 34.2 per 10,000 population). The absolute gap in homelessness rates between First Nations people and non-Indigenous Australians decreased between 2011 and 2021 (from 453 to 272 per 10,000 population).
Specialist homelessness services (SHS) provide a wide range of services to assist people who are experiencing homelessness or who are at risk of homelessness, ranging from general support and assistance to immediate crisis accommodation (AIHW 2022f).
In 2021–22, around 72,900 First Nations clients received support from SHS, which is equivalent to 8% of the First Nations population or 821 First Nations clients per 100,000 population nationally. First Nations people used specialist homelessness services at 11 times the rate of non-Indigenous Australians (74 per 10,000 population), after adjusting for differences in age structure between the two populations.
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