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In 2019–2023 the leading causes of death among First Nations people were cancer and other neoplasms (24% of deaths), cardiovascular diseases (21%), and injury and poisoning (14%).

Life expectancy at birth in 2020–2022 was 71.9 years for First Nations males and 75.6 years for First Nations females

Cardiovascular disease accounted for the largest gap in death rates between First Nations people and non-Indigenous Australians in 2019–2023.

From 2016–17 to 2022–23, total health expenditure per person for First Nations people increased by 4.3% per annum after adjusting for inflation, from $9,447 per person to $12,146.

In 2021, 88% of First Nations households owned or used at least one motor vehicle. The proportion of First Nations households with one or more vehicles was higher in non-remote areas at 90%, compared to 68% in remote areas.

From 2011 to 2021, the proportion of First Nations people aged 20–24 who had completed year 12 or equivalent increased from 52% to 68%.

In 2022–23, 91% (894,600) of First Nations people had a usual place to go for health problems and advice, including 59% who usually went to a doctor/GP and 28% who usually went to an Aboriginal Medical Service or community clinic.

At 31 December 2022, 2,625 First Nations people were receiving kidney replacement therapy – of these, 84% were on dialysis, and 16% had a functioning kidney transplant.

Preventing smoking and improving nutrition and access to antenatal care for First Nations mothers is critical to reducing low birthweight rates among First Nations babies.