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According to new analysis, preventing smoking, and improving nutrition and access to antenatal care for Indigenous mothers is critical to reducing low birthweight rates among Indigenous babies.

The new National Agreement on Closing the Gap came into effect in July 2020 upon agreement by all Australian Governments and the Coalition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peak Organisations.

Over the decade to 2019, the age-standardised rate of deaths due to cardiovascular disease among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people decreased by 18%.

The imprisonment rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults increased from 1,337 per 100,000 in 2006 to 2,088 in 2019.

The proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 20–24 who had a Year 12 or equivalent qualification increased from 45% in 2008 to 66% in 2018–19.

The rate of Indigenous young people aged 10–17 years under youth justice supervision fell from 186 to 117 per 10,000 population between 2011–12 to 2020–21.

In 2018–19, 85% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 15–17 reported that they had never smoked, compared with 72% in 2008.

The rate of Medicare health checks for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people increased from 68 per 1,000 population in 2009–10 to 297 per 1,000 in 2018–19.

In 2018–19, 3 in 10 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who needed to go to a health provider did not go—the same proportion as in 2012–13. Barriers included cost, and health services being unavailable, far away or with long waiting times.